In 1666, Safavid Shah Abbas II of Iran send an insulting letter delivered by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. Delivered by the returning Mughal ambassador Taribiyat Khan, the letter mocked Aurangzeb’s military failures against the Maratha king Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, who had humbled Mughal forces (such as Shaista khan) in the Deccan.
The shah severely criticized Aurangzeb’s competence, pointing out that “the Zamindars of India are in rebellion”. He mocked his title of “World Conqueror” by Sarcastically noting that Aurangzeb had only managed to imprison his aging father (Shah Jahan) and execute his brothers to claim the throne. This diplomatic insult strained the long-standing Safavid-Mughal alliance and triggered a brief military standoff.
While a full-scale war was avoided, the incident permanently fractured relations between the two empires.
Aurangzeb heavily punished his own ambassador, Tarbiyat Khan, for tamely listening to the Shah’s insults without defending the crown, stripping him of his rank and banishing him from the royal court.